Konstantin V. Ovsyannikov , Evgeny A. Praskurnichiy
Abstract
It is well-known that patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus are at high risk of complications of micro- and macrovascular disease. Furthermore, the relationship between elevated blood glucose levels and microvascular complications is likely to be direct and is generally specific for diabetes. However, the correlation with macrovascular risk is more complex, multifactorial and not limited to hyperglycemia only. The paper considers the relationship between the macro- and microvascular damage to the target organs associated with DM and cardiovascular risk. The review of studies focused on assessing the effectiveness of blood glucose level reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the context of cardiovascular safety is provided. Advanced DM treatment methods are discussed. Special attention is paid to self-monitoring of blood glucose as one of the most important factors of the DM management and prevention of complications.
Key words: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, glycemic control, self-monitoring.
Key words: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, glycemic control, self-monitoring.
About the Author
Konstantin V. Ovsyannikov 1 , Evgeny A. Praskurnichiy 21 Biomedical University of Innovation and Continuing Education – branch of Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center FMBA, Moscow, Russia; Clinical Hospital No85 FMBA, Moscow, Russia
2 Biomedical University of Innovation and Continuing Education – branch of Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center FMBA, Moscow, Russia
References
1. Davies MJ, DÁlessio DA, Fradkin J et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes EASD. Diabetologia. 2018; 61: 2461–98.
2. Sattar N, Rawshani A, Franzen S et al. Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associations with cardiovascular and mortality risks. Circulation. 2019; 139: 2228–37.
3. Zucker I, Schohat T, Dankner R, Chodick G. New onset diabetes in adulthood is associated with a substantial risk for mortality at all ages: a population based historical cohort study with a decade-long follow-up. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017; 16: 105. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0583-x
4. Einarson TR, Acs A, Ludwig C, Panton UH. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018; 17: 83. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6
5. Lind M, Svensson A-M, Kosiborod M et al. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371: 1972–82.
6. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Sattar N et al. Relative prognostic importance and optimal levels of risk factors for mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019; 139: 1900–12.
7. Brownrigg JRW, Hughes CO, Burleigh D et al. Microvascular disease and risk of cardiovascular events among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a population-level-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4: 588–97.
8. Climie RE, Gallo A, Picone DS et al. Measuring the interaction between the macro- and micro-vasculature. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00169
9. Ziegler T, Rahmnann FA, Jurisch V, Kupatt C. Atheroclerosis and the capillary network; pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies. Cell. 2020; 9 (1): 50. DOI: 10.3390/cells9010050
10. Rask-Madsen C, Kahn CR. Tissue-specific insulin signaling, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012; 32: 2052–9.
11. Kahn CR, Wang G, Lee KY. Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2019; 129: 3990–4000.
12. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998; 352: 837–53.
13. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA et al. Association of glycemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35). BMJ. 2000; 321: 405–12.
14. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP et al. for The Action to Control cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2545–59.
15. Heller SR on behalf of the ADVANCE collaborative group. A summary of the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (Suppl. 2): S357–S361.
16. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T et al. for the VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 129–39.
17. The ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basla insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 319–28.
18. Marso SP, McGuirre DK, Zinman B et al Efficacy and safety of degludec versus glargine in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 723–32.
19. Holman RR, Coleman RL, Chan JCN et al. Effects of acarbose on cardiovascular and diabetes outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose intolerance (ACE): a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 5: 877–86.
20. Vaccaro O, Masulli M, Nicolucci A et al. Effects on the incidence of cardiovascular events of the addition of pioglitazone versus sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (TOSCA.IT): a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 5: 887–97.
21. Rosenstock J, Kahn SE, Johansen OE et al. Effect of linagliptin vs glimepiride on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. The CAROLINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019; 322: 1155–66.
22. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL et al. Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374: 1321–31.
23. Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC et al. Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2015; 385: 2067–76.
24. Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019; 32: 69–79.
25. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1317–26.
26. Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 232–42.
27. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 311–22.
28. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 1834–44.
29. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlles trial. Lancet. 2018; 392: 1519–29.
30. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019; 394: 121–30.
31. Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M et al. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381: 841–51.
32. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2247–57.
33. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 1228–39.
34. Lim S, Kim KM, Nauck MA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular events: class effects versus individual patterns. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 29: 238–48.
35. Marx N, Libby P Cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonism. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2018; 3: 858–60.
36. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2117–28.
37. Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Zinman B, EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 323–34.
38 Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 644–57.
39. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 2295–306.
40. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 347–57.
41. Furtao RHM, Bonaca MP, Raz I et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and previous myocardial infarction. Subanalysis from DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial. Circulation. 2019; 139: 2516–27.
42. Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon O et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019; 139: 2528–36.
43. Cannon CP, Pratley R, Dagogo-Jack S et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with ertugliflozin in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 1425–35.
44. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced rejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381 (21): 1995–2008.
45. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020. 383: 1413–24.
46. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 2295–306.
47. Heerspink HJL, Stefansson BV, Correa-Rotter R et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 1436–46.
48. Marx N. Reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM by GLP-1 receptor agonists: a shift in paradigm driven by data from large cardiovascular outcome trials. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41: 3359–62.
49. Sattar N, McGuire DK. Prevention of CVoutcomes in antihyperglycemic drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes with, or at elevated risk of,
ASCVD: to start or not to start with metformin. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42: 2574–76.
50. Fang M. Trends in Diabetes Treatment and Control in U.S. Adults, 1999–2018. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (23): 2219–28. URL: https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107181/
51. Gregg EW, Hora I, Benoit SR. Resurgence in Diabetes-Related Complications JAMA. 2019; 321 (19): 1867–8. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.3471
52. Heinemann L. EASD diabetes technology meeting: medical associations are on track. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014 Jul;8(4):900-3. doi: 10.1177/1932296814534630. Epub 2014 May 18. PMID: 24876444; PMCID: PMC4764238.
53. Bailey TS, Wallace JF, Pardo S, Warchal-Windham ME, Harrison B, Morin R, Christiansen M. Accuracy and User Performance Evaluation of a New, Wireless-enabled Blood Glucose Monitoring System That Links to a Smart Mobile Device. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017 Jul;11(4):736-743. doi: 10.1177/1932296816680829. Epub 2017 Feb 1. PMID: 28617617; PMCID: PMC5588817.
54. Harrison B, Brown D. Accuracy of a blood glucose monitoring system that recognizes insufficient sample blood volume and allows application of more blood to the same test strip. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2020 Jan;17(1):75-82. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1704253. Epub 2020 Jan 10. PMID: 31825686.
For citation:Ovsyannikov K.V., Praskurnichy E.A. Role of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical review for general practice. 2023; 4 (8): 74–82 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.47407/kr2023.4.8.00334
All accepted articles publish licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.