Dmitry I. Trukhan
Abstract
Currently, an important component of rational pharmacotherapy is drug safety. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most effective drugs for the treatment of acid-related diseases. For a long time, PPIs were considered completely safe drugs for both short-term and long-term use. However, modern clinical guidelines note that when prescribing PPIs in large doses for a long period, the possibility of side effects should be taken into account. In recent years, a number of foreign reviews have been published that examine the connections between PPIs and a number of diseases/conditions, but in the domestic literature there are no reviews on the safety of PPIs during long-term use. A search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus information databases for publications on the safety of PPI use, including sources up to November 15, 2023. However, long-term use of PPIs is associated with numerous side effects, and it is not possible to discuss all of them in detail in one review. This review examines the most likely side effects associated with long-term PPI therapy: the development of infections, increased risk of fractures and kidney pathology. The association of long-term use of PPIs with the development of these side effects is not denied or questioned in recent reviews.
Keywords: proton pump inhibitors, drug safety, probable side effects, Clostridium difficile infection, community-acquired pneumonia, novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), osteoporosis, hip fracture, vertebral fracture, wrist fracture, acute interstitial nephritis, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, terminal stage renal failure, nephrolithiasis.
Keywords: proton pump inhibitors, drug safety, probable side effects, Clostridium difficile infection, community-acquired pneumonia, novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), osteoporosis, hip fracture, vertebral fracture, wrist fracture, acute interstitial nephritis, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, terminal stage renal failure, nephrolithiasis.
About the Author
Dmitry I. Trukhan 11 Omsk State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
References
1. Тарасова Л.В., Трухан Д.И. Лекарственная безопасность в гастроэнтерологии. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2013;(4):81-7. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21440231
Tarasova L.V., Trukhan D.I. Drug safety in gastroenterology. Experimental and clinical gastroenterology. 2013;(4):81-7. https://elibrary. ru/item.asp?id=21440231 (in Russian)
2. Трухан Д.И. Рациональная фармакотерапия в реальной клинической практике сквозь призму мультиморбидности и лекарственной безопасности. Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2020;(2):29-39. DOI: 10.47407/kr2020.1.2.00015
Truhan D.I. Rational pharmacotherapy in real clinical practice through the prism of multimorbidity and drug safety. Clinical analysis in general medicine. 2020;(2):29-39. DOI: 10.47407/kr2020.1.2.00015 (in Russian).
3. Трухан Д.И., Коншу Н.В. Рациональная фармакотерапия в клинике внутренних болезней сквозь призму мультиморбидности и лекарственной безопасности. Справочник поликлинического врача. 2019;(2):10-8. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44162870
Trukhan D.I., Konshu N.V. Rational pharmacotherapy in the clinic of internal diseases through the prism of multimorbidity and drug safety. Handbook for Practitioners Doctors. 2019;(2):10-8. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44162870 (in Russian).
4. Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Царьков П.В. и др. Диагностика и лечение язвенной болезни у взрослых (Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации, Российского общества колоректальных хирургов и Российского эндоскопического общества). Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2020;30(1):49-70. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-1-49-70
Ivashkin V.T., Maev I.V., Tsar’kov P.V. et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer in Adults (Clinical Guidelines of the Russian Gastroenterological Association, Russian Society of Colorectal Surgeons and the Russian Endoscopic Society). Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2020;30(1):49-70. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-1-49-70 (in Russian).
5. Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Трухманов А.С. и др. Рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2020;30(4):70-97. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-4-70-97
Ivashkin V.T., Maev I.V., Trukhmanov A.S. et al. Recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association in Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Refl ux Disease. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2020;30(4):70-97. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-4-70-97 (in Russian).
6. Novotny M, Klimova B, Valis M. PPI Long Term Use: Risk of Neurological Adverse Events? Front Neurol 2019;(9):1142. DOI: 10.3389/ fneur.2018.01142
7. Salvo EM, Ferko NC, Cash SB et al. Umbrella review of 42 systematic reviews with meta-analyses: the safety of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021;54(2):129-43. DOI: 10.1111/apt.16407
8. Chinzon D, Domingues G, Tosetto N, Perrotti M. Safety of long-term proton pump inhibitors: facts and myths. Arq Gastroenterol 2022;59(2):219-25. DOI: 10.1590/S0004-2803.202202000-40
9. Thurber KM, Otto AO, Stricker SL. Proton pump inhibitors: Understanding the associated risks and benefits of long-term use. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023;80(8):487-94. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad009
10. Maideen NMP. Adverse Effects Associated with Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Chonnam Med J 2023;59(2):115-27. DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2023.59.2.115
11. Yibirin M, De Oliveira D, Valera R et al. Adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitor use. Cureus 2021;13(1):e12759. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12759
12. Kinoshita Y, Ishimura N, Ishihara S. Advantages and disadvantages of long-term proton pump inhibitor use. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;24:182-96. DOI: 10.5056/jnm18001
13. Singh A, Cresci GA, Kirby DF. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Risks and Rewards and Emerging Consequences to the Gut Microbiome. Nutr Clin Pract 2018;33(5):614-24. DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10181
14. Naito Y, Kashiwagi K, Takagi T et al. Intestinal Dysbiosis Secondary to Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use. Digestion 2018;97(2):195-204. DOI: 10.1159/000481813
15. Tawam D, Baladi M, Jungsuwadee P et al. The Positive Association between Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clostridium Difficile Infection. Innov Pharm 2021;12(1):10.24926/iip.v12i1.3439. DOI: 10.24926/iip.v12i1.3439
16. Marcum ZA, Vande Griend JP, Linnebur SA. FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2012;10(4):264-71. DOI: 10.1016/ j.amjopharm.2012.05.002
17. Kochan TJ, Foley MH, Shoshiev MS et al. Updates to Clostridium difficile Spore Germination. J Bacteriol 2018;200(16):e00218-18. DOI: 10.1128/JB.00218-18
18. Wetzel D, McBride SM. The impact of pH on Clostridioides difficile sporulation and physiology. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020;86(4): e02706-e02719. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02706-19
19. D’Silva KM, Mehta R, Mitchell M et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;(27):697-703. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.01.008
20. Trifan A, Stanciu C, Girleanu I et al. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23(35):6500-15. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i35.6500
21. Inghammar M, Svanström H, Voldstedlund M et al. Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Community-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(12):e1084-e1089. DOI: 10.1093/ cid/ciaa1857
22. Azab M, Doo L, Doo DH et al. Comparison of the Hospital-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection Risk of Using Proton Pump Inhibitors versus Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Stress Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gut Liver 2017;11(6):781-8. DOI: 10.5009/gnl16568
23. Fohl AL, Regal RE. Proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia: not a breath of fresh air after all? World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2011;(2):17-26. DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v2.i3.17
24. Wang CH, Li CH, Hsieh R et al. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019;18(3):163-72. DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1577820
25. Nguyen PA, Islam M, Galvin CJ et al. Meta-analysis of proton pump inhibitors induced risk of community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Qual Health Care 2020;32(5):292-9. DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa041
26. Xun X, Yin Q, Fu Y et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia: an updated meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2022;56(5):524-32. DOI: 10.1177/10600280211039240
27. Giuliano C, Wilhelm SM, Kale-Pradhan PB. Are proton pump inhibitors associated with the development of community-acquired pneumonia? A meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012;5(3):337-44. DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.20
28. Lambert AA, Lam JO, Paik JJ et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia with outpatient proton-pump inhibitor therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0128004. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128004
29. Othman F, Crooks CJ, Card TR. Community acquired pneumonia incidence before and after proton pump inhibitor prescription: population based study. BMJ 2016 Nov 15;355:i5813. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i5813
30. Zirk-Sadowski J, Masoli JA, Delgado J et al. Proton-Pump Inhibitors and Long-Term Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018;66(7):1332-8. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15385
31. Ble A, Zirk-Sadowski J, Masoli JA. Reply to: Proton Pump Inhibitors and Long-term Risk of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018;66(12):2428-9. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15637
32. Maret-Ouda J, Panula J, Santoni G et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of pneumonia: a self-controlled case series study. J Gastroenterol 2023;58(8):734-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02007-5
33. Charpiat B, Bleyzac N, Tod M. Proton Pump Inhibitors are Risk Factors for Viral Infections: Even for COVID-19? Clin Drug Investig 2020;40(10):897-9. DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00963-x
34. Fatima K, Almas T, Lakhani S et al. The use of proton pump inhibitors and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022;(7):37. DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7030037
35. Almario CV, Chey WD, Spiegel BMR. Increased Risk of COVID-19 Among Users of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115(10):1707-15. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000798
36. Li GF, An XX, Yu Y et al. Do proton pump inhibitors influence SARS-CoV-2 related outcomes? A meta-analysis. Gut 2021;70(9):1806-8. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323366
37. Israelsen SB, Ernst MT, Lundh A et al. Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Is Not Strongly Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Related Outcomes: A Nationwide Study and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19(9):1845-54.e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.05.011
38. Toubasi AA, AbuAnzeh RB, Khraisat BR et al. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Current Use and the Risk of Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 Development and its Related Mortality. Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2021;52(6):656-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.004
39. Yan C, Chen Y, Sun C et al. Does Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Lead to a Higher Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Progression to Severe Disease? a Meta-analysis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022;75(1):10-5. DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.074
40. Pranata R, Huang I, Lawrensia S et al. Proton pump inhibitor on susceptibility to COVID-19 and its severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2021;73(6):1642-9. DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00263-x
41. Kamal F, Khan MA, Sharma S et al. Lack of Consistent Associations Between Pharmacologic Gastric Acid Suppression and Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Gastroenterology 2021;160(7):2588-90.e7. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.028
42. Ramachandran P, Perisetti A, Gajendran M et al. Pre-hospitalization proton pump inhibitor use and clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;34(2):137-41. DOI: 10.1097/MEG. 0000000000002013
43. Kim HB, Kim JH, Wolf BJ. Acid suppressant use in association with incidence and severe outcomes of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022;78(3):383-91. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03255-1
44. Lespessailles E, Toumi H. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Bone Health: An Update Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(18):10733. DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810733
45. Insogna KL. The effect of proton pump-inhibiting drugs on mineral metabolism. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(Suppl. 2):S2-4. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.44
46. Thong BKS, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. Proton pump inhibitors and fracture risk: a review of current evidence and mechanisms involved. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(9):1571. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091571
47. Yu EW, Bauer SR, Bain PA, Bauer DC. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis of 11 international studies. Am J Med 2011;124(6):519-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.01.007
48. Targownik LE, Leslie WD, Davison KS et al.; CaMos Research Group. The relationship between proton pump inhibitor use and longitudinal change in bone mineral density: a population-based study [corrected] from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107(9):1361-9. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.200
49. Arj A, Razavi Zade M, Yavari M et al. Proton pump inhibitors use and change in bone mineral density. Int J Rheum Dis 2016;19(9):864-8. DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12866
50. Hussain MS, Mazumder T. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors adversely affects minerals and vitamin metabolism, bone turnover, bone mass, and bone strength. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021;33(5):567-79. DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0203
51. Zhang X, Adebayo AS, Wang D et al. PPI-Induced Changes in Plasma Metabolite Levels Influence Total Hip Bone Mineral Density in a UK Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 2023;38(2):326-34. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4754
52. Poly TN, Islam MM, Yang HC et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoporos Int 2019;30(1):103-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4788-y
53. Ngamruengphong S, Leontiadis GI, Radhi S et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(7):1209-18. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.113
54. Zhou B, Huang Y, Li H et al. Proton-pump inhibitors and risk of fractures: an update meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2016;27(1):339-47. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3365-x
55. Liu J, Li X, Fan L et al. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of bone diseases: An update meta-analysis. Life Sci 2019 Feb 1;218:213-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.058
56. Park JH, Lee J, Yu SY et al. Comparing proton pump inhibitors with histamin-2 receptor blockers regarding the risk of osteoporotic fractures: a nested case-control study of more than 350,000 Korean patients with GERD and peptic ulcer disease. BMC Geriatr 2020;20(1):407. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01794-3
57. Lin SM, Yang SH, Liang CC, Huang HK. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of osteoporosis and fracture in stroke patients: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2018;29(1):153-62. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4262-2
58. Desai BV, Qadri MN, Vyas BA. Proton pump inhibitors and osteoporosis risk: exploring the role of TRPM7 channel. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022;78(1):35-41. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03237-3
59. Cheng Z, Liu Y, Ma M et al. Lansoprazole-induced osteoporosis via the IP3R- and SOCE-mediated calcium signaling pathways. Mol Med 2022;28(1):21. DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00448-x
60. Sobel RE, Bate A, Marshall J et al. Do FDA label changes work? Assessment of the 2010 class label change for proton pump inhibitors using the Sentinel System's analytic tools. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018;27(3):332-9. DOI: 10.1002/pds.4392
61. Sugiyama T. Proton pump inhibitor use and fracture risk: an update of drug safety communication needed? Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114(2):360-1. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000053
62. Al-Aly Z, Maddukuri G, Xie Y. Proton pump inhibitors and the kidney: implications of current evidence for clinical practice and when and how to deprescribe. Am J Kidney Dis 2020;75(4):497-507. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.07.012
63. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R et al. The association between proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of adverse kidney outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018;33(2):331-42. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw470
64. Lu S, Zhao J, Chen X et al. Proton pump inhibitor-induced risk of chronic kidney disease is associated with increase of indoxyl sulfate synthesis via inhibition of CYP2E1 protein degradation. Chem Biol Interact 2022 Dec 1;368:110219. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110219
65. Blank ML, Parkin L, Paul C, Herbison P. A nationwide nested case-control study indicates an increased risk of acute interstitial nephritis with proton pump inhibitor use. Kidney Int 2014;86(4):837-44. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.74
66. Torpey N, Barker T, Ross C. Drug-induced tubulo-interstitial nephritis secondary to proton pump inhibitors: experience from a single UK renal unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19(6):1441-6. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh137
67. Geevasinga N, Coleman PL, Webster AC, Roger SD. Proton pump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;(4):597-604. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.11.004
68. Simpson IJ, Marshall MR, Pilmore H et al. Proton pump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis: report and analysis of 15 cases. Nephrology (Carlton) 2006;(11):381-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00651.x
69. Härmark L, van der Wiel HE, de Groot MC, van Grootheest AC. Proton pump inhibitor-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64(6):819-23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02927.x
70. Klepser DG, Collier DS, Cochran GL. Proton pump inhibitors and acute kidney injury: a nested case-control study. BMC Nephrol 2013;(14):150. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-150
71. Ikuta K, Nakagawa S, Momo K et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors and concomitant drugs with risk of acute kidney injury: a nested case-control study. BMJ Open 2021;11(2):e041543. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041543
72. Antoniou T, Macdonald EM, Hollands S et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of acute kidney injury in older patients: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open 2015;3(2):E166-E171. DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20140074
73. Svanström H, Lund M, Melbye M, Pasternak B. Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of acute kidney injury among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: cohort study. Drug Saf 2018;41(8):817-26. DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0663-1
74. Sutton SS, Magagnoli J, Cummings TH, Hardin JW. Risk of acute kidney injury in patients with HIV receiving proton pump inhibitors.
J Comp Eff Res 2019;8(10):781-90. DOI: 10.2217/cer-2019-0017
75. Yang Y, George KC, Shang WF et al. Proton-pump inhibitors use, and risk of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017;(11):1291-9. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S130568
76. Chen G, Ning LJ, Qin Y et al. Acute kidney injury following the use of different proton pump inhibitor regimens: A real-world analysis of post-marketing surveillance data. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;36(1):156-62. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15151
77. Wu B, Li D, Xu T et al. Proton pump inhibitors associated acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: data mining of US FDA adverse event reporting system. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):3690. DOI: 10.1038/ s41598-021-83099-y
78. Hart E, Dunn TE, Feuerstein S, Jacobs DM. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Pharmacotherapy 2019;39(4):443-53. DOI: 10.1002/phar.2235
79. Han CT, Islam MM, Poly TN et al. A Meta-Analysis of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury: Geographical Differences and Associated Factors. J Clin Med 2023;12(7):2467. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072467
80. Arora P, Gupta A, Golzy M et al. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased risk of development of chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2016;17(1):112. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0325-4
81. Lazarus B, Chen Y, Wilson FP et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of chronic kidney disease. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176(2):238-46. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7193
82. Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T et al. Long-term kidney outcomes among users of proton pump inhibitors without intervening acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2017;91(6):1482-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.021
83. Klatte DCF, Gasparini A, Xu H et al. Association between proton pump inhibitor use and risk of progression of chronic kidney disease. Gastroenterology 2017;153(3):702-10. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.046
84. Yang H, Juang SY, Liao KF. Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of chronic kidney disease in diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019;147:67-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.11.019
85. Rodríguez-Poncelas A, Barceló MA, Saez M et al. Duration and dosing of proton pump inhibitors associated with high incidence of chronic kidney disease in population-based cohort. PLoS One 2018;13(10): e0204231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204231
86. Guedes JVM, Aquino JA, Castro TLB et al. Omeprazole use and risk of chronic kidney disease evolution. PLoS One 2020;15(3):e0229344. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229344
87. Zhang XY, He QS, Jing Z et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitors on the risk of chronic kidney disease: A propensity score-based overlap weight analysis using the United Kingdom Biobank. Front Pharmacol 2022 Nov 10;13:949699. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949699
88. Wu CC, Liao MH, Kung WM, Wang YC. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: Evidence from Observational Studies. J Clin Med 2023;12(6):2262. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062262
89. Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Chesdachai S et al. Associations of Proton-Pump Inhibitors and H2 Receptor Antagonists with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2017;62(10):2821-7. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4725-5
90. Peng YC, Lin CL, Yeh HZ et al. Association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of ESRD in renal diseases: a population-based, case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(15):e3363 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003363
91. Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of incident CKD and progression to ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;27(10):3153-63. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2015121377
92. Sui W, Miller NL, Gould ER et al. Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of incident nephrolithiasis. Urolithiasis 2022;50(4):401-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01326-1
93. Simonov M, Abel EA, Skanderson M et al. Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Increases Risk of Incident Kidney Stones. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19(1):72-9.e21. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.02.053
94. Bapir R, Bhatti KH, Eliwa A et al. Risk of urinary stone formation associated to proton pump inhibitors: A systematic review and metanalysis. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2022;94(4):507-14. DOI: 10.4081/aiua. 2022.4.507
95. Liu W, Wang J, Wang M et al. Association of proton pump inhibitor use with risk of kidney stones: an analysis of cross-sectional data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018). BMJ Open 2023;13(10):e075136. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen- 2023-075136
96. Makunts T, Cohen IV, Awdishu L, Abagyan R. Analysis of postmarketing safety data for proton-pump inhibitors reveals increased propensity for renal injury, electrolyte abnormalities, and nephrolithiasis. Sci Rep 2019;9(1):2282. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39335-7
For citation:Trukhan D.I. Drug safety: focus on long-term therapy with proton pump inhibitors. Probable side effects. Clinical analysis in general medicine. 2024; 5 (1): 48–56 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.47407/kr2023.5.1.00360
All accepted articles publish licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.