Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aleksandr V. Sidorov , Elena G. Lileeva

For citation:

Abstract

Self-monitoring of blood glucose has been considered to be a cornerstone of adequate diabetes management for decades. The structured self-monitoring leads to better compensation of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, decreased risk of hypoglycemia, and quality of life improvement in patients with DM. The technologies, as well as the glucose meter convenience and accuracy have improved considerably since the moment these were introduced several decades ago. Modern glucose meters are small and easy to use; these require small amounts of capillary blood and provide measurement results within seconds. Furthermore, glucose meters are more and more often equipped with such features, as connectivity with other devices and/or electronic diaries and instruments for diabetes management. Despite the fact that the measurement accuracy can be close to or equal to the quality level ensured by laboratory biochemical analyzers, some glucose meters continue to fall short of the internationally accepted accuracy standards, such as ISO-15197, the standard of the International Organization for Standardization. Numerous reports from the number of countries, such as Russia, China, India, and Brazil, that are based on the routine practice data suggest that in addition to the problems with the glucose meter accuracy, there are other obstacles to overcome to optimize the use of blood glucose monitoring systems. Nevertheless, the adequate use of blood glucose self-monitoring data is very important for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: self-monitoring of blood glucose, type 2 diabetes mellitus, blood glucose monitoring systems, accuracy, diabetes management, glucose meters.

References

1. Чеботарева Т.А. Современные подходы к терапии острого кашля у

детей. Практика педиатра. 2020;(1):8-13.

Chebotareva T.A. Modern approaches to the treatment of acute cough

in children. Pediatrician’s practice. 2020;(1):8-13 (in Russian).

2. Pourova J, Dias P, Pour M et al. Proposed mechanisms of action of her-

bal drugs and their biologically active constituents in the treatment of

coughs: an overview. Peer J 2023;(11):e16096. DOI:

10.7717/peerj.16096

3. Thakur AK, Taj P. Pharmacological Perspective of Glycyrrhiza glabra

Linn: a Mini-Review. J Anal Pharm Res 2017;5(5):11-2. DOI:

10.15406/japlr.2017.05.00156

4. Hasan MK, Ara I, Mondal MSA, Kabir Y. Phytochemistry, pharmacolo-

gical activity, and potential health benefits of Glycyrrhiza glabra. He-

liyon 2021;(7):e07240. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07240

5. Yu X, Bao Y, Meng X et al. Multi-pathway integrated adjustment mec-

hanism of licorice flavonoids presenting anti-inflammatory activity.

Oncol Lett 2019;(18):4956-63. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10793

6. Wang H-L, Li Y-X, Niu Y-T et al. Observing Anti-inflammatory and

anti-nociceptive activities of glycyrrhizin through regulating COX-2

and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions in Mice. Inflammation

2015;(38):2269-78. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0212-3

7. Dang LL, Jin YJ, Yuan Y et al. Licorice: comprehensive review of its che-

mical composition, pharmacodynamics, and medicinal value. Acupunct

Herb Med 2024;4(1):136-50. DOI: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000103

8. El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A et al. Traditional

Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxi-

cological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Biomolecules

2020;10(3):352. DOI: 10.3390/biom10030352

9. Raphael TJ, Kuttan G. Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids gly-

cyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune

system. Phytomedicine 2003;10(6-7):483-9. DOI: 10.1078/0944

71103322331421

10. Ma C, Ma Z, Liao XL et al. Immunoregulatory effects of glycyrrhizic acid

exerts anti-asthmatic effects via modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines and

enhancement of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in ovalbu-

min-sensitized mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 148(3):755-62. DOI:

10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.021

11. Irani M, Sarmadi M, Bernard F et al. Leaves antimicrobial activity of

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Iran J Pharm Res 2010;(9):425-8.

12. Gupta VK, Fatima A, Faridi U et al. Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrr-

hiza glabra roots. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;(116):377-80. DOI:

10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.037

13. Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G et al. Glycyrrhizin, an active compo-

nent of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus.

Lancet 2003;361(9374):2045-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13615-x

14. Michaelis M, Geiler J, Naczk P et al. Glycyrrhizin inhibits highly patho-

genic H5N1 influenza A virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and

chemokine expression in human macrophages. Med Microbiol Immu-

nol 2010;199(4):291-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0155-0

15. Räikkönen K, Martikainen S, Pesonen A et al. Maternal Licorice Con-

sumption During Pregnancy and Pubertal, Cognitive, and Psychiatric

Outcomes in Children. Am J Epidemiol 2017;185(5):317-28. DOI:

10.1093/aje/kww172

16. Shin H, Chung M, Rose DZ. Licorice root associated with intracranial

hemorrhagic stroke and cerebral microbleeds. Neurohospitalist

2019;9(3):169-71. DOI: 10.1177/1941874418805332

17. Ceccuzzi G, Rapino A, Perna B et al. Liquorice toxicity: a comprehensive

narrative review. Nutrients 2023;15(18):3866. DOI: 10.3390/

nu15183866

18. Pastorino G, Cornara L, Soares S et al. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra):

A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother Res

2018;32(12):2323-39. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6178

19. Ding Y, Brand E, Wang W, Zhao Z. Licorice: Resources, applications in

ancient and modern times. J Ethnopharmacol 2022;298:115594. DOI:

10.1016/j.jep.2022.115594

20. Omar HR, Komarova I, El-Ghonemi M et al. Licorice abuse: time to

send a warning message. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012;3(4):125-

38. DOI: 10.1177/2042018812454322

21. Shamsuddin T, Alam MS, Junaid M et al. Adhatoda vasica (Nees.): A

Review on its Botany, Traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacologi-

cal Activities and Toxicity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021;21(14):1925-64.

DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210226152238

22. Singh SK, Patel JR, Dangi A et al. A complete over review on Adhatoda

vasica a traditional medicinal plants. J Med Plants Stud 2017;5(1):

175-80.

23. Kapgate S, Patil A. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review. Int J Green Phar-

macy 2017;11(4):654-62. DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v11i04.1341

24. Kumar N. Pharmaceutical attributes of Vasa (Adhatoda Vasica Linn.) –

a review. World J Pharmaceutical Res 2016;5(4):437-55. DOI:

10.20959/wjpr20164-5760

25. Jahan Y, Siddiqui HH. Study of Antitussive Potential of Glycyrrhiza

Glabra and Adhatoda Vasica using a cough model induced by Sulphur

Dioxide gas in mice. IJPSR 2012;3(6):1668-74. DOI: 10.13040/

IJPSR.0975-8232.3(6).1668-74

26. Nosalova G, Fleskova D, Jurecek L et al. Herbal polysaccharides and co-

ugh reflex. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013;(187):47-51. DOI:

10.1016/j.resp.2013.03.015

27. Ahmad S, Gul S, Gul H, Bangash M. Dual Inhibitory Activities of Adha-

toda Vasica against Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase. JEHSR

2013;(1).14. DOI: 10.29052/IJEHSR.v1.i1.2013.14-17

28. Bajpai VK, Agrawal P, Bang BH, Park YH. Phytochemical analysis, an-

tioxidant and antilipid peroxidation effects of a medicinal plant, Adha-

toda vasica. Front Life Sci 2015;8(3):305-12. DOI: 10.1080/

21553769.2014.1002943

29. Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA, Balachandran C et al. Antimicrobial,

antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of vasicine acetate synthesized

from vasicine isolated from Adhatoda vasica L. Biomed Res Int

2015;2015:727304. DOI: 10.1155/2015/727304

30. Srmivasarao D, Jayarraj IA, Jayraaj R, Prabha ML. A study on Antioxi-

dant and Anti-inflammatory activity of Vasicine against lung damage in

rats. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;20(1):1-7.

31. Alagarsamy K, Shanthi V, Nagasathaya A. Preliminary phytochemical

and antibacterial screening of crude extract of the leaf of Adhatoda va-

sica L. Int J Green Pharmacy 2009;(3). DOI: 10.4103/0973-

8258.49381

32. Zulqarnain RA, Ahmad K, Ullah F et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of

selected medicinal plants from lower Himalayas. Pak J Pharm Sci

2015;28(2):581-7.

33. Zaki AA, Shaaban MI, Hashish NE et al. Assessment of anti-quorum

sensing activity for some ornamental and medicinal plants native to

Egypt. Sci Pharm 2013;81(1):251-8. DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1204-26

34. Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a cri-

tical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. J Ethnop-

harmacol 2000;72(1-2):1-20. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00225-7

35. Shinde A, Rathi B, Chunchuwar M. Pharmaceutical study of Vasa (Ad-

hatoda vasica Linn.). With special reference to its different dosage

forms. GSC Biol Pharmaceut Sci 2023;(23):9-18. DOI:

10.30574/gscbps.2023.23.3.0197

36. Nath D, Sethi N, Singh RK, Jain AK. Commonly used Indian abortifaci-

ent plants with special reference to their teratologic effects in rats.

J Ethnopharmacol 1992;36(2):147-54. DOI: 10.1016/0378-

8741(92)90015-j

37. Вальчихина О.Ю., Демина Н.Б., Надер А. Корневище имбиря как

перспективное растительное сырье для создания лекарственных

средств. Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств.

2015;4(13):82-90.

Valchikhina O.Yu., Demina N.B., Nader A. Ginger rhizome as a promi-

sing plant raw material for the creation of medicines. Development and

registration of medicines. 2015;4(13):82-90 (in Russian).

38. Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some phytochemical, phar-

macological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale

Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol

2008;46(2):409-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085

39. Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger – An Herbal Medicinal

Product with Broad Anti-Inflammatory Actions. J Med Food

2005;8(2):125-32. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125

40. Dugasani S, Pichika MR, Nadarajah VD et al. Comparative antioxidant

and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-ginge-

rol and [6]-shogaol. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;127(2):515-20. DOI:

10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.004

41. Hasan H, Raauf A, Abd Razik B. Chemical Composition and Antimicro-

bial Activity of the Crude Extracts Isolated from Zingiber Officinale by

Different Solvents. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta 2012;3(9). DOI:

10.4172/2153-2435.1000184

42. Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KB. A review on pharmacological and phytoc-

hemical properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae).

J Pharm Res 2011;(4):2963-6.

43. Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Salehi B et al. Plants of the Genus Zingiber

as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy.

Molecules 2017;22(12):2145. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122145

44. Zick SM, Djuric Z, Ruffin MT et al. Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-

gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in he-

althy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

2008;17(8):1930-6. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965

45. Chrubasik S, Pittler MH, Roufogalis BD. Zingiberis rhizoma: a compre-

hensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine

2005;12(9):684-701. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.07.009

46. Husain I, Dale OR, Idrisi M. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction

(HDI) Potential of Zingiber officinale and Its Major Phytoconstituents.

J Agric Food Chem 2023;71(19):7521-34. DOI: 10.1021/ acs.jafc.2c07912

47. Rathore S, Raj Y, Debnath P et al. Ethnopharmacology, phytoche-

mistry, agrotechnology, and conservation of Inula racemosa Hook f. –

A critically endangered medicinal plant of the western Himalaya. J Eth-

nopharmacol 2022;283:114613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114613

48. Seca AM, Grigore A, Pinto DC, Silva A. The genus Inula and their me-

tabolites: from ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses. J Ethnophar-

macol 2014;154(2):286-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.010

49. Vadnere GP, Gaud RS, Singhai AK, Somani RS. Effect of Inula race-

mosa root extract on various aspects of asthma. Pharmacologyonline

2009;(2):84-94.

50. Sekhar AV, Gandhi DN, Rao MN, Rawal UD. An experimental and cli-

nical тevaluation of anti-asthmatic potentialities of devadaru compo-

und (dc). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003;47(1):101-7.

51. Firdous Q, Bhat M, Masoodi M. Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry

and Biological activity of Inula racemosa Hook: A Review. Int J Res Ay-

urveda Pharmacy 2018;(9). DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.09120

52. Wangchuk P, Jamtsho T. Inula racemosa Hook. f. Pushkarmool: Its

Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemicals, and Pharmacological Activities.

In: A. Sharma, G.A. Nayik (eds). Immunity Boosting Medicinal Plants

of the Western Himalayas. Springer, Singapore, 2023. DOI:

10.1007/978-981-19-9501-9_11

53. Jaiswal R, Mutreja V, Sohal H, Sharma A. A review on current status of

traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and conservation of

Inula racemosa Hook. f. Materials Today: Proceedings

2022;68(4):842-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.261

54. Khan A, Shah RD, Pallewar S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and

analgesic activity of Ethanolic extracts of Inula racemosa and Albizia

amara. Int J Pharmacognosy Phytochemical Res 2011;(3):22-7.

55. Arumugam P, Murugan M, Thangaraj N. Evaluation of anti-inflamma-

tory and analgesic effects of aqueous extract obtained from root powder

of Inula racemosa Hook. f. J Med Plant Res 2012;6(14):2801-6. DOI:

10.5897/JMPR11.119

56. Kumar C, Kumar A, Nalli Y et al. Design, synthesis and biological evalua-

tion of alantolactone derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

Med Chem Res 2019;(28):849-56. DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02337-1

57. Lim HS, Jin SE, Kim OS et al. Alantolactone from Saussurea lappa

exerts antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting chemokine production

and STAT1 phosphorylation in TNF-α and IFN-gamma-induced in Ha-

CaT cells. Phytother Res 2015;(29):1088-96. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5354

58. Chun J, Choi RJ, Khan S et al. Alantolactone suppresses inducible nitric

oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by down-regulating

NF-kappaB, MAPK and AP-1 via the MyD88 signaling pathway in LPS-

activated RAW 264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012;14(4):375-83.

DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.011

59. Salil S, Bhupinder A, Basheer A. Antioxidant Properties Of Inula Race-

mosa, A Traditional Herbal Medicine 40. Internet J Pharmacol

2012;10(1). DOI: 10.5580/A1434

60. Lateef R, Bhat KA, Chandra S, Banday JA. Antioxidant activity of chlo-

roform extract of inula racemosa from Kashmir Himalayas. Chemistry

J 2018;1(2):179-85.

61. Sharma V, Hem K, Sharma D et al. Ethnopharmacology, phytoche-

mistry and pharmacology of Inula racemosa Hook. F. J Nat Prod Re-

sour 2016;(2):40-6.

62. Lokhande PD, Gawai KR, Kodam KM et al. Antibacterial Activity of Iso-

lated Constituents and Extract of Roots of Inula racemosa. Res J Med

Plants 2007;(1):7-12.

63. Amorim MHR, Costa RMG, Lopes C, Bastos MMSM. Sesquiterpene lac-

tones: adverse health effects and toxicity mechanisms. Crit Rev Toxicol

2013;43(7):559-79. DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.813905

64. Rathore S, Raj Y, Debnath P et al. Ethnopharmacology, phytoche-

mistry, agrotechnology, and conservation of Inula racemosa Hook f. –

A critically endangered medicinal plant of the western Himalaya. J Eth-

nopharmacol 2022;(283):114613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114613

65. Kalachaveedu M, Raghavan D, Telapolu S et al. Phytoestrogenic effect

of Inula racemosa Hook f–A cardioprotective root drug in traditional

medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2018;(210):408-16. DOI: 10.1016/

j.jep.2017.09.001

66. Nisar T, Iqbal M, Raza A et al. Estimation of Total Phenolics and Free

Radical Scavenging of Turmeric (Curcuma longa). Environ Sci

2015;15(7):1272-7.

67. Khalandar SD, Adithya TN, Basha SJ et al. A current review on Cur-

cuma Longa linn. Plant. Int J Pharmaceutical Chem Biol Sci

2018;8(1):68-73.

68. Boskabady MH, Shakeri F, Naghdi F. The Effects of Curcuma Longa L.

and its Constituents in Respiratory Disorders and Molecular Mecha-

nisms of Their Action. Studies Natural Products Chemistry. Chapter 7.

2020;(68):239-69. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-817905-5.00007-x

69. Sharma P, Rani N, Sharma V, Garg M. An Overview of Pharmacological

Potential of Curcuma longa. Curr Traditional Med 2023;(10). DOI:

10.2174/2215083810666230329222554

70. Kim J, Jeong SW, Quan H et al. Effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa ex-

tract) on LPS-induced acute lung injury is mediated by the activation of

AMPK. J Anesth 2016;(30):100-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00540-015-2073-1

71. Xu F, Diao R, Liu J et al. Curcumin attenuates staphylococcus aureus-

induced acute lung injury. Clin Respir J 2015;9(1):87-97. DOI:

10.1111/crj.12113. Erratum in: Clin Respir J 2019;13(5):338. DOI:

10.1111/crj.13017

72. Bansal S, Chhibber S. Curcumin alone and in combination with aug-

mentin protects against pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury

generated during Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055-induced lung infection

in BALB/c mice. J Med Microbiol 2010;59(Pt 4):429-37. DOI:

10.1099/jmm.0.016873-0

73. Yang XX, Li CM, Li YF et al. Synergistic antiviral effect of curcumin

functionalized graphene oxide against respiratory syncytial virus infec-

tion. Nanoscale 2017;(9):16086-92. DOI: 10.1039/C7NR06520E

74. Han S, Xu J, Guo X, Huang M. Curcumin ameliorates severe influenza

pneumonia via attenuating lung injury and regulating macrophage cy-

tokines production. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018;45(1):84-93.

DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12848

75. Amadi S, Mehrabi Z, Zare M et al. Efficacy of Nanocurcumin as an Add-

On Treatment for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Double-

Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Practice 2023;(5734675).

DOI: 10.1155/2023/5734675

76. Valizadeh H, Abdolmohammadi-Vahid S, Danshina S et al. Nano-cur-

cumin therapy, a promising method in modulating inflammatory cyto-

kines in COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020;89(Pt

B):107088. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088

77. Emami B, Shakeri F, Ghorani V, Boskabady MH. Relaxant effect of Cur-

cuma longa on rat tracheal smooth muscle and its possible mechanisms.

Pharm Biol 2017;55(1):2248-58. DOI: 10.1080/ 13880209.2017.1400079

78. Subhashini, Chauhan PS, Kumari S et al. Intranasal curcumin and its

evaluation in murine model of asthma. Int Immunopharmacol

2013;17(3):733-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.008

79. Abidi A, Gupta S, Agarwal M et al. Evaluation of Efficacy of Curcumin

as an Add-on therapy in Patients of Bronchial Asthma. J Clin Diagn Res

2014;8(8):HC19-24. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9273.4705

80. Abbas S, Abdulridha M, Shafek M. Effect of Curcumin Supplement on

Pulmonary Functions, Total and Differential White Blood Cell Count,

Serum Level of Leptin and Body Mass Index in a Sample of Iraqi Pati-

ents with Chronic Bronchial Asthma. Al Mustansiriyah J Pharmaceu-

tical Sci 2019;19(2):47-58. DOI: 10.32947/ajps.19.02.00403

81. Fuloria S, Mehta J, Chandel A et al. A Comprehensive Review on the

Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major

Active Constituent Curcumin. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:820806. DOI:

10.3389/fphar.2022.820806

82. Soleimani V, Sahebkar A, Hosseinzadeh H. Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)

and its Major Constituent (Curcumin) as Nontoxic and Safe Substan-

ces: Review. Phytother Res 2018;32(6):985-95. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6054

83. Manvitha K, Bidya B. Aloe vera: a wonder plant its history, cultivation

and medicinal uses. J Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry 2014;(2):85-8.

84. Kar SK, Bera TK. Phytochemical constituents of Aloe Vera and their

multifunctional properties: a comprehensive review. IJPSR

2018;9(4):1416-23. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(4).1416-23

85. Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B. Antiinflammatory activity of

extracts from Aloe vera gel. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;(55):69-75.

86. Langmead L, Makins RJ, Rampton DS. Anti-inflammatory effects of

aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment Pharmacol

Ther 2004;(19):521-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01874.x

87. Vijayalakshmi D, Dhandapani R, Jayaveni S et al. In vitro anti-inflam-

matory activity of Aloe vera by down regulation of MMP-9 in peripheral

blood mononuclear cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141(1):542-6. DOI:

10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.04

88. Hęś M, Dziedzic K, Górecka D et al. Jędrusek-Golińska A, Gujska E.

Aloe vera (L.) Webb.: Natural Sources of Antioxidants – A Review.

Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2019;74(3):255-65. DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-

00747-5

89. Boudreau MD, Beland FA. An evaluation of the biological and toxicolo-

gical properties of Aloe Barbadensis (Miller), Aloe vera. J Environ Sci

Health 2006;(24):103-54. DOI: 10.1080/10590500600614303

90. Banik S, Amit BS. Phytochemistry, health benefits and toxicological

profile of aloe. J Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry 2019;8(3):4499-

506.

91. Agarry OO, Olaleye MT, Michael CO. Comparative antimicrobial activi-

ties of Aloe vera gel and leaf. Afr J Biotechnol 2005;(4):1413-4. DOI:

10.4314/ajb.v4i12.71436

92. Nalimu F, Oloro J, Kahwa I, Ogwang PE. Review on the phytochemistry

and toxicological profiles of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox. Futur J Pharm

Sci 2021;7(1):145. DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00296-2

93. Gutierrez RM, Gonzalez AM, Hoyo-Vadillo C. Alkaloids from piper: a

review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Mini Rev Med Chem

2013;13(2):163-93. DOI: 10.2174/138955713804805148

94. Andriana Y, Xuan TD, Quy TN et al. Biological Activities and Chemical

Constituents of Essential Oils from Piper cubeba Bojer and Piper ni-

grum L. Molecules 2019;24(10):1876. DOI: 10.3390/molecules

24101876

95. Yam J, Schaab A, Kreuter M, Drewe J. Piper cubeba demonstrates anti-

estrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Planta Med

2008;74(2):142-6. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1034290

96. Perazzo FF, Rodrigues IV, Maistro EL et al. Anti-inflammatory and

analgesic evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract and fractions from seeds

of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae). Pharmacognosy J 2013;5(1):13-6.

DOI: 10.1016/j.phcgj.2012.12.001

97. Lima TC, Lucarini R, Volpe AC et al. In vivo and in silico anti-inflam-

matory mechanism of action of the semisynthetic (-)-cubebin derivati-

ves (-)-hinokinin and (-)-O-benzylcubebin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett

2017;27(2):176-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.081

98. Dwita LP, Iwo MI, Mauludin R, Elfahmi. Neuroprotective potential of

lignan-rich fraction of Piper cubeba L. by improving antioxidant capa-

city in the rat’s brain. Braz J Biol 2023;(82):e266573. DOI:

10.1590/1519-6984.266573

99. Alminderej F, Bakari S, Almundarij TI et al. Antioxidant Activities of a

New Chemotype of Piper cubeba L. Fruit Essential Oil (Methyleuge-

nol/Eugenol): In Silico Molecular Docking and ADMET Studies. Plants

(Basel) 2020;9(11):1534. DOI: 10.3390/plants9111534

100. Akshita C, Vijay BV, Praveen D. Evaluation of phytochemical scree-

ning and antimicrobial efficacy of Mesua ferrea and Piper cubeba fruit

extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Pharmacophore

2020;(11):15-20.

101. Ahirrao P, Tambat R, Chandal N et al. MsrA Efflux Pump Inhibitory

Activity of Piper cubeba L.f. and its Phytoconstituents against Staphy-

lococcus aureus RN4220. Chem Biodivers 2020;17(8):e2000144.

DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000144

102. Alharbi NS, Khaled JM, Alzaharni KE et al. Effects of Piper cubeba L.

essential oil on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an AFM

and TEM study. J Mol Recognit 2017;30(1). DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2564

103. Usia T, Watabe T, Kadota S et al. Potent CYP3A4 inhibitory constitu-

ents of Piper cubeba. J Nat Prod 2005;68(1):64-8. DOI:

10.1021/np0401765

104. Deb A, Barua S, Das B. Pharmacological activities of Baheda (Termi-

nalia bellerica): a review. J Pharmacognosy Phytochem 2016;5(1):

194-7.

105. Motamarri Saraswathi N, Karthikeyan M, Kannan M, Rajasekar S.

Terminalia belerica, Roxb. – a phytopharmacological review. Int J Res

Pharmaceutical Biomed Sci 2012;3(1):96-100.

106. Gilani AH, Khan AU, Ali T, Ajmal S. Mechanisms underlying the anti-

spasmodic and bronchodilatory properties of Terminalia bellerica

fruit. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;116(3):528-38. DOI: 10.1016/

j.jep.2008.01.006

107. Elizabeth KM. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia bellerica. Indian J

Clin Biochem 2005;20(2):150-3. DOI: 10.1007/BF02867416

108. Tandon G. Beta lactamase Inhibitors from Indigenous Herbs and Spi-

ces. Res J Pharmaceutical Biol Chem Sci 2014;(5):275-85.

109. Dharmaratne MPJ, Manoraj A, Thevanesam V et al. Terminalia belli-

rica fruit extracts: in-vitro antibacterial activity against selected mul-

tidrug-resistant bacteria, radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity

study on BHK-21 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2018;18(1):325.

DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2382-7

110. Nampoothiri SV, Binil RSS, Prathapan A et al. In vitro antioxidant ac-

tivities of the methanol extract and its different solvent fractions obtai-

ned from the fruit pericarp of Terminalia bellerica. Nat Prod Res

2011;(25):277-87. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.482053

111. Tanaka M, Kishimoto Y, Sasaki M et al. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)

Roxb. Extract and Gallic Acid Attenuate LPS-Induced Inflammation

and Oxidative Stress via MAPK/NF-κB and Akt/AMPK/Nrf2 Pa-

thways. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018;(2018): 9364364. DOI:

10.1155/2018/9364364

112. Jayesh K, Helen LR, Vysakh A et al. Ethyl acetate fraction of Termina-

lia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruits inhibits proinflammatory mediators

via down regulating nuclear factor-κB in LPS stimulated Raw 264.7

cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;(95):1654-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.bio-

pha.2017.09.080

113. Saraphanchotiwitthaya A, Sripalakit P, Ingkaninan K. Effects of Ter-

minalia bellerica Roxb. methanolic extract on mouse immune res-

ponse in vitro. Mj Int J Sci Tech 2008;2(2): 400-7.

114. Thanabhorn S, Jaijoy K, Thamaree S, Ingkaninan K. Acute and sub-

acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract from the fruits of Terminalia be-

lerica. Mahidol Univ J Pharm Sci 2006;(33):23-30.

115. Sireeratawong S, Jaijoy K, Panunto W et al. Soonthornchareonnon N.

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of the water extract from dried fruits

of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. In Spargue-Dawley rats. Afr J

Tradit Complement Altern Med 2012;10(2):223-31. DOI: 10.4314/ajt-

cam.v10i2.6

116. Bano N, Ahmed A, Tanveer M et al. Pharmacological Evaluation of

Ocimum sanctum. J Bioequiv Availab 2017;9(3):387-92. DOI:

10.4172/jbb.1000330

117. Singh D, Chaudhuri PK. A review on phytochemical and pharmacolo-

gical properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Industrial Crops

Prod 2018;(118):367-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048

118. Siva M, Shanmugam KR, Shanmugam B et al. Ocimum sanctum: a re-

view on the pharmacological properties. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

2016;5(3):558-65. DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20161491

119. Kumar A, Agarwal K, Maurya AK et al. Pharmacological and phytoche-

mical evaluation of Ocimum sanctum root extracts for its antiinflam-

matory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. Pharmacogn Mag

2015;11(Suppl.1):S217-24. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.157743

120. Kelm MA, Nair MG, Strasburg GM, DeWitt DL. Antioxidant and cyclo-

oxygenase inhibitory phenolic compounds from Ocimum sanctum Linn.

Phytomedicine 2000;7(1):7-13. DOI: 10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80015-X

121. Koroch A, Juliani H, Sims C, Simon J. Antioxidant activity, total phe-

nolics, and rosmarinic acid content in different basils (Ocimum spp.).

Israel J Plant Sci 2010;(58):191-5. DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.58.3-4.191

122. Subramanian M, Chintalwar GJ, Chattopadhyay S. Antioxidant and

radioprotective properties of an Ocimum sanctum polysaccharide. Re-

dox Rep 2005;10(5):257-64. DOI: 10.1179/135100005X70206

123. Ali H, Dixit S. In vitro antimicrobial activity of flavanoids of Ocimum

sanctum with synergistic effect of their combined form. Asian Pacific

J Tropical Dis 2012;(2):S396-S398. DOI: 10.1016/s2222-

1808(12)60189-3

124. Melo RS, Albuquerque Azevedo ÁM, Gomes Pereira AM. Chemical Com-

position and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L.

Essential Oil Against Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Staphylococcus

aureus and Escherichia coli. Molecules 2019;24(21):3864. DOI:

10.3390/molecules24213864

125. Ghoke SS, Sood R, Kumar N et al. Evaluation of antiviral activity of

Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica leaves extracts against H9N2 vi-

rus using embryonated chicken egg model. BMC Complement Altern

Med 2018;18(1):174. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2238-1

126. Dashputre NL, Naikwade NS. Preliminary immunomodulatory acti-

vity of aqueous and ethanolic leaves extracts of Ocimum basilicum

Linn in mice. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2010;2(2):1342-9.

127. Das R, Raman R, Saha H, Singh R. Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn.

(Tulsi) extract on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamil-

ton) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Res

2015;(46):1111-21. DOI: 10.1111/are.12264

128. Vaghasiya J, Datani M, Nandkumar K et al. Comparative Evaluation of

Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of Ocimum Sanctum for Immunomo-

dulatory Activity. Int J Pharmaceutical Biol Res 2010;1(1):25-9.

129. Mondal S, Varma S, Bamola VD et al. Double-blinded randomized

controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanc-

tum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers. J Ethnopharmacol

2011;136(3):452-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.012

130. Jamshidi N, Cohen MM. The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in

Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Evid Based Comple-

ment Alternat Med 2017;(2017):9217567. DOI: 10.1155/2017/9217567

131. Sharma V, Hem K, Seth A, Maurya S. Solanum indicum Linn.: An eth-

nopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. Curr

Res J Pharmaceutical Allied Sci 2017;(1):1-9.

132. Jayanthy A, Anupam M, Subash CV et al. A Brief Review on Pharma-

cognosy, Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Potential Of Solanum In-

diumL. Used in Indian Systems of Medicine. Asian J Res Chemistry

2016;9(3):127-32. DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2016.00022.5

133. Iqubal M, Sharma SKS, Hussain MS, Mujahid M. An updated ethno-

botany, phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Solanum in-

dicum L. JDDT 2022;12(2):160-72. DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5385

134. Deb PK, Ghosh R, Chakraverty R et al. Phytochemical and Pharmaco-

logical Evaluation of Fruits of Solanum indicum Linn. Int J Pharm Sci

Rev Res 2014;25(2):28-32.

135. Das N, Ghosh R, Bhakta T, Deb P. Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant

and Anthelmintic Activity of Solanum indicum Linn. Berries. Indo Am

J Pharmaceutical Res 2013;(3):4123-30.

136. Srividya AR, Arunkumar A, Cherian B et al. Phytochemical and Anti-

microbial studies of Solanum indicum leaves. Anc Sci Life

2009;29(1):3-5.

137. Raorane C, Gavimat CC, Kulkarni S et al. Antibacterial potentials of

Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum and Physalis minima. Int J

Pharmaceutical Applications 2012;3(4):414-8.

138. Zhao H, Ren S, Yang H et al. Peppermint essential oil: its phytoche-

mistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Bio-

med Pharmacother 2022;(154):113559. DOI: 10.1016/j.bio-

pha.2022.113559

139. Kamatou GPP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Lawrence BM. Menthol: A sim-

ple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties. Phytoche-

mistry 2013;(96):15-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.005

140. Cheng H, An X. Cold stimuli, hot topic: An updated review on the bio-

logical activity of menthol in relation to inflammation. Front Immunol

2022;(13):1023746. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023746

141. Наумов Д.Е., Гассан Д.А., Килимиченко К.Ф. и др. Особенности экс-

прессии рецептора TRPM8 в респираторном тракте больных брон-

хиальной астмой. Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания.

2018;(69):19-24. DOI: 10.12737/article_5b96073 c5711b1.83866044

Naumov D.E., Gassan D.A., Kilimichenko K.F., et al. Features of

TRPM8 receptor expression in the respiratory tract of patients with

bronchial asthma. Bulletin of respiratory physiology and pathology.

2018;(69):19-24. DOI: 10.12737/article_5b96073c5711b1.83866044

(in Russian).

142. Ciaglia T, Vestuto V, Bertamino A et al. On the modulation of TRPM

channels: Current perspectives and anticancer therapeutic implica-

tions. Front Oncol 2023;(12). DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1065935

143. Galeotti N, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Mazzanti G et al. Menthol: a natural

analgesic compound. Neurosci Lett 2002;322(3):145-8. DOI:

10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02527-7

144. Сафоничева О.Г., Мартынчик С.А. Принципы Аюрведы c позиций

междисциплинарного обоснования технологий персонализиро-

ванной медицины. Международный журнал прикладных и фун-

даментальных исследований. 2015;10(2):249-52.

Safonicheva O.G., Martynchik S.A. Principles of Ayurveda from the

standpoint of interdisciplinary justification of personalized medicine

technologies. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Re-

search. 2015;10(2):249-52 (in Russian).

145. Kuang Y, Li B, Fan J et al. Antitussive and expectorant activities of li-

corice and its major compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2018;26(1):278-

84. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.046

146. Желенина Л.А., Незабудкина А.С. Рациональный подход к лече-

нию кашля у детей. Фарматека. 2019;26(11):60-8. DOI:

10.18565/pharmateca.2019.11.00-00

Zhelenina L.A., Nezabudkina A.S. Rational approach to the treatment

of cough in children. Pharmateka. 2019;26(11):60-8. DOI:

10.18565/pharmateca.2019.11.00-00 (in Russian).

147. Иванов В.А., Суздаленков А.В., Заплатников А.Л. Рациональное

использование средств от кашля при инфекциях органов дыха-

ния у детей. РМЖ. 2006;(19):1368.

Ivanov V.A., Suzdalenkov A.V., Zaplatnikov A.L. Rational use of cough

medicines for respiratory infections in children. RMJ. 2006;(19):1368

(in Russian).

148. Коротаева М.С., Сидоров А.В., Тихонова И.Г. Этические аспекты

фитотерапии. Медицинская этика. 2022;10(4):38-42.

Korotaeva M.S., Sidorov A.V., Tikhonova I.G. Ethical aspects of herbal

medicine. Medical Ethics. 2022;10(4):38-42 (in Russian).

149. Khan AU, Gilani AH. Natural Products Useful in Respiratory Disor-

ders: Focus on Side-Effect Neutralizing Combinations. Phytother Res

2015;29(9):1265-85. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5380

150. Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M. Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrr-

hiza spp. and Its Bioactive Constituents: Update and Review. Phytot-

her Res 2015;29(12):1868-86. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5487

151. Kim MW, Kang JH, Shin E et al. Processed Aloe vera gel attenuates

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intesti-

nal injury by enhancing mucin expression. Food Funct

2019;10(9):6088-97. DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01307e

152. Haniadka R, Saldanha E, Sunita V et al. A review of the gastroprotec-

tive effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Funct

2013;4(6):845-55. DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30337c

153. Gupta A, Kumar R, Bhattacharyya P et al. Terminalia bellirica (Ga-

ertn.) roxb. (Bahera) in health and disease: A systematic and compre-

hensive review. Phytomedicine 2020;(77):153278. DOI:

10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153278

154. Sabbaghzadegan S, Golsorkhi H, Soltani MH et al. Potential protective

effects of Aloe vera gel on cardiovascular diseases: A mini-review. Phy-

tother Res 2021;35(11):6101-13. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7219

155. Fakhri S, Patra JK, Das SK et al. Ginger and Heart Health: From Mec-

hanisms to Therapeutics. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021;14(6):943-59.

DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666201209105005

156. Tiwari AK, Gupta PS, Prasad M, Malairajan P. Modulation of Inula ra-

cemosa Hook Extract on Cardioprotection by Ischemic Preconditio-

ning in Hyperlipidaemic Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2022;25(4):369-

81. DOI: 10.3831/KPI.2022.25.4.369

157. Iftkhar A, Hasan IJ, Sarfraz M et al. Nephroprotective Effect of the

Leaves of Aloe barbadensis (Aloe Vera) against Toxicity Induced by

Diclofenac Sodium in Albino Rabbits. West Indian Med J

2015;64(5):462-7. DOI: 10.7727/wimj.2016.052

158. Song Z, Fang H, Zhang X et al. Renoprotective Glycoside Derivatives

from Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Peels. J Agric Food Chem

2023;71(41):15170-85. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05224

159. Drissi B, Mahdi I, Yassir M et al. Cubeb (Piper cubeba L.f.): A compre-

hensive review of its botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and

pharmacological properties. Front Nutr 2022;(9):1048520. DOI:

10.3389/fnut.2022.1048520

160. Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL et al. Important Flavonoids and Their

Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules 2020;25(22):5243. DOI:

10.3390/molecules25225243

161. Коровина Н.А., Заплатников А.Л., Захарова И.Н. и др. Принципы

выбора средств от кашля при острых респираторных заболева-

ниях у детей. Вестник педиатрической фармакологии и нутри-

циологии. 2005;(1):42-6.

Korovina N.A., Zaplatnikov A.L., Zakharova I.N. et al. Principles of se-

lection of cough remedies for acute respiratory diseases in children.

Bulletin of pediatric pharmacology and nutrition. 2005;(1):42-6 (in

Russian).

For citation:Ovsyannikov K.V., Praskurnichiy E.A. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical review for general practice. 2024; 5 (8): 116–124 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.47407/kr2024.5.8.00469

All accepted articles publish licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

Clinical review for general practice